The Data, with Examples
Throughout this tutorial you will be using data adapted from Gardner (2017). Here is where you can download that data and listen to a few examples.
Download Data
You can download the data here: https://www.dropbox.com/s/pi8xz1kuo6cz60l/deletiondata.txt
Example Audiofiles
In the following examples, instances of word-final (t,d) have been transcribed using symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet. Any errors in transcription are my own.
[t] indicates a released (but not aspirated) voiceless alveolar stop.
[d] indicates a released voiced alveolar stop.
[tʰ] indicates a released and aspirated voiceless alveolar stop.
[t͡θ] indicates [t] with a voiceless interdental fricative [θ] release.
[t͡ð] indicates [t] with a voiced interdental fricative [ð] release.
[t͡s] indicates [t] with a voiceless alveloar fricative [s] release.
[t͡ʃ] indicates a [t] with a voiceless post-alveloar fricative [ʃ] release.
[d͡θ] indicates [d] with voiceless interdental fricative [θ] release.
[d͡ð] indicates [d] with voiced interdental fricative [ð] release.
[θ̱̲] indicates an apico-alveolar “slit” fricative (see Gardner 2013) without total occlusion.
[∅] indicates deletion or no audible release.
[ɾ] indicates an voiced alveolar tap/flap.
[ʔ] indicates a glottal stop.
Example 1
This example comes from a Cape Breton woman born in 1937.
Woman 1: Well, she was since dea[∅]. An[∅] I remember the firs[∅] nigh-[ɾ]I slep[∅] in there, I woke up a couple of times with the feeling of something going like this on the be[d]. An[∅] I tol[∅] Nana the nex[∅] mornining. I wasn’[∅] scared, because a[∅] that age, you’re no-[t͡s]cared. Like, you know? And I tol[∅] her an[∅] she sai-[ɾ]“Oh,” she sai-“[d͡ð]at was jus[∅] Grandma coming back,<…> upse[ʔ] you were sleeping in her be[ʔ]. Bu[ʔ], I don’[∅] know if that’s wha-[ɾ]i[ʔ] was, or if she was coming in to check on me an[∅] I didn’[∅] wake up. I don’[∅] know. Like, you know, bu[ʔ] tha[ʔ] use-[ɾ]o be the ol[∅] battle axe’s room anyway.
Example 2
This example comes from a Cape Breton woman born in 1922. Present also is the same woman born in 1937 from Example 1.
Woman 1: (laugh) And tha[∅] was a, tha[ʔ] was qui-[ɾ]a jaun-[t͡ð]en.
Woman 2: An[∅] your uncle, your Uncle Frank, who was the younges[∅], um, like I sai[d], he was only nineteen, but he woul[d] be a teenager and he was ah, a Boy Scou[θ̱̲]. An[∅] he was overseas an[d], with the Scouts. An[∅] when he came back, he ha[d] little farm animals for me, ’cause I remember I was at Napean Stree[∅] then when -
Woman 1: Mm-hm.
Woman 2: A-[t͡ð]e time he came back.
Woman 1: Mm-hm.
Woman 2: You know? Bu[t], when he use[ɾ]o come over to our place, back in the wha[ʔ], there was a place for the coal, a building for the coal. Coal house we calle-[ɾ]i[ʔ]. An-[t͡ð]e back of tha[∅], an[∅] of course, they were bran bags then, he ma[d]e a partition, like a house, you know, kin-[ɾ]of buil[t] onto the back. An[∅] he ha-[t]wo rooms in i[ʔ]. And I was Squir[ʔ] an[∅] my sister was, was Shrimp, Squir[∅] an[∅] Shrimp.
Interviewer: (laugh)
Woman 1: (laugh)
Woman 2: An[∅], an[∅] “Don’[t͡ʃ]ou fool your Uncle Dudley.” he use[∅] to say.
Woman 1: Uncle Dudley. (laugh)
Example 3
This example comes from a Cape Breton woman born in 1953.
Woman 3: Bu-[ɾ]I think people see, I think people see drinking as a, as a recreation.
Interviewer: Right.
Woman 3: They, they ge[ʔ], even if, I use-[t]o entertain a[ʔ] leas[tʰ], anywhere from eigh-[t]o ten times a month.
Interviewer: Mm-hm.
Woman 3: We’[d] ge-[tʰ]ogether for dinner and we’[ɾ] have friends in. We’[ɾ] have a game, we ha-[ɾ]a boar[d] game tha[ʔ] we invente-[t]It was calle[∅] Marbles. I[ʔ] was almos[∅] like Trouble.
Interviewer: Yeah, yeah.
Woman 3: An[∅] two teams, and we’-[d]o tha[∅], ah, we’-[d]o tha[∅], we’[ɾ] have a game of Marbles at leas[t] one nigh-[ɾ]on the weeken[∅]. And maybe go to show. People don’[∅] ge-[tʰ]ogether as much anymore, I fin[tʰ]. They kin-[tʰ]of stay to themselves.
Interviewer: And, and when you say people, do you mean you and your friends now or observing your children?
Woman 3: I see, I see people in general, and I see my children. They see each other, like, my, my frien[∅], my sons travel to their friends’ houses and whatever. Bu[ʔ] they don’[∅], they don’[∅] do as, do as many activities as wha[∅] we di[t].
Interviewer: They just sit and drink.
Woman 3: Sometimes, I think.
Interviewer: Yeah.
Woman 3: Although, I think my son has a group tha[t] come and do the, uhm, poker thing.
Interviewer: Yeah.
Woman 3: One night a month or whatever. Which I think is a goo-[t͡θ]ing. Because when you’re sitting down and you’re engage-[ɾ]in activities, you’re also engage-[ɾ]in conversation.
Interviewer: Right.
Woman 3: And you’re getting other people’s opinions of things, an[∅], and that’s not a ba-[d͡θ]ing.
Example 4
This example comes from a Cape Breton man born in 1990.
Interviewer: When you were younger, what kind of games did you used to play?
Man 1: Um. Jus[∅] Nintendo games really.
Interviewer: Yeah? Was there any Nintendo game that you were really good at?
Man 1: Ah I dunno. I can[∅] really remember jus[∅] Mario games I guess.
Interviewer: Yeah?
Man 1: Mostly ones I playe[θ̱̲].
Interviewer: Which Nintendo did you have? Super Nintendo or regular Nintendo, or?
Man 1: I ha[∅] both.
Interviewer: Yeah?
Man 1: Yeah.
Interviewer: And are you like, like now do you, what do you play?
Man 1: Ah, PlayStation 3 an[∅] tha[∅].
Interviewer: Yeah?
Man 1: Yeah.
Interviewer: And is there any game on that that you’re really good at?
Man 1: Ah I never playe-[t]oo many games for i[ʔ] ye[θ̱̲], jus[∅], I’dunno. I wouldn-[t͡s]ay I’m goo[ɾ]a[t͡ð]em, bu[θ̱̲]. All righ[θ̱̲].
Interviewer: What, um, what game are you playing right now?
Man 1: I was playing metal gear, soli[∅] four.
Interviewer: Yeah?
Man 1: Yeah.
Interviewer: And what do you do in that game?
Man 1: Um, you kill people.
Example 5
This example comes from a Cape Breton man born in 1992.
Interviewer: And why is it called the Chicken Lady?
Man 2: Ah, she owns chickens, and like she ha-[ɾ]a big, she ha-[ɾ]a bull or something once there too, she like doesn’[∅] come ou-[ɾ]-of her house, and it’s jus[∅] like, it’s an ol[∅] bea-[ɾ]up house too, it’s jus[∅], and there’s like cages aroun-[ɾ]i[ʔ] and stuff, it’s jus[∅] creepy,
Interviewer: So do you like to you go there at night time, and?
Man 2: Ah, yeah, I have a few times bu[θ̱̲] it’s like wicke[ʔ] creepy
Interviewer: Yeah, and do like people like try to like walk up or like take pictures
Man 2: Ah, no, no[ʔ] my friends, well, I wouldn’[tʰ]
Interviewer: Okay
Man 2: There’s no way I’[ʔ] get close i[θ̱̲]. I think someone sai-[t͡ʃ]e came ou[∅] with a sho[ʔ] gun a-[t͡s]omeone once, bu[θ̱̲] tha[ʔ] wasn’[∅] while I was aroun[tʰ].
Interviewer: Have you ah have you ever seen a ghost?
Man 2: Ah, no
Interviewer: No? Do you believe in ghosts?
Man 2: I dunno, I I sometimes like when you see stuff on TV it’s like really believable and tha[θ̱̲], bu[θ̱̲] sometimes I don’-[t͡θ]ink it’s true, some stuff, so I guess I’-[t͡s]ay yeah, probably, ’cause like I dunno, some stuff is really believable, yeah.
References
Reuse
Citation
@online{gardner2022,
author = {Gardner, Matt Hunt},
title = {The {Data,} with {Examples}},
series = {Linguistics Methods Hub},
volume = {Doing LVC with R},
date = {2022-09-27},
url = {https://lingmethodshub.github.io/content/R/lvc_r/015_lvcr.html},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.7160718},
langid = {en}
}